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Cabbage (mustard) aphid (332) Print Fact Sheet

Common Name

Cabbage aphid, mustard aphid, turnip aphid.

Scientific Name

Lipaphis erysimi, previously known as Lipaphis pseudobrassicae and Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae.

Distribution

Worldwide. Inn temperate, sub-tropics and tropics. Asia, Africa, North, South and Central America, the Caribbean, Europe, Oceania. It is recorded from Australia, Fiji, Guam, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands.

Hosts

Mainly plants in the cabbage family, Brassica (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Indian mustard), Raphanus (radish), Sinapis species (white mustard), and cruciferous weeds.

Symptoms & Life Cycle

The aphid lives in dense groups on the underside of the leaves, sucking the sap. The main symptoms are curling and yellowing of leaves, and stunting. Honeydew is produced and this drips onto the leaves below and is colonised by sooty mould fingi. Viruses are spread during feeding,

Adults are about 1.7 mm long, with both winged and wingless types. Wingless are greenish-yellow, covered in a fine waxy coating, with green bands on the top of the body (Photo 1). The antennae are dark. Winged types have shiny black heads and prothorax (the segment in front of the thorax), and green abdomens (Photo 2). Males are known in Europe, India, New Zealand, but, where warmer, females give birth to living young without mating.

When populations increase some aphids are born with wings allowing them to move to other plants in the field or to other fields. Spread over longer distances occurs in wind currents.

Impact

The direct damage caused by the aphid can be considerable. In India, mustard is especially susceptible with instances of over 90% reduction in yield. Honeydew production by the aphid, and its colonisation by fungi, reduces market value of cabbages and other species. Many viruses are spread by the aphid, including the economically important Bean yellow mosaic virus, Cauliflower mosaic virus, Celery mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus (see Fact Sheet no. 100), Potato virus Y, Turnip mosaic virus (see Fact Sheet no. 99). Spread of viruses by the aphid is possibly more important than the direct damage done by feeding.

Detection & Inspection

Look for the aphids on the undersides of the leaves. Look for the aphids with greyish-green bodies, covered with powder and with distinctive bands along the body.

Management

NATURAL ENEMIES
Aphid populations are controlled by environmental factors, parasitic wasps (Photo 3), fungal diseases, ladybird beetles, syrphid fly larvae, and lacewing larvae and adults. Many parasitoid wasps have been reported with Diaeretiella rapae, Aphidius and Aphelinus species, the most common. Aphidus species create swollen, tan and papery 'mummies', whereas Aphelinus species leave black mummies. The parasitoids within the mummies of Photo 3 are unknown.

Note, ants tend aphids for their honeydew. By doing so, they protect the aphids from the activities of parasites and predators. To manage aphids, it is important to remove the ants, to let biological control operate.

CULTURAL CONTROL
Methods have been tried, e.g., changing planting times, intercropping, altering spacing, but none have provided useful results. 

Before planting:

During growth:

After harvest:

CHEMICAL CONTROL
If insecticides are necessary, use any of the following "soft" insecticides on aphids:

These sprays work by blocking the breathing holes of insects causing suffocation and death. Spray the underside of leaves, as the soap and oils must contact the aphids. Home-made preparations are ideal for small numbers of plants, but commercial products are probably the only practical solution when crop areas are large.

Alternatively, use:


AUTHOR Grahame Jackson
Information from CABI (2017) Lipaphis eryimi (mustard aphid) Crop Protection Compendium. (www.cabi.org/cpc); and from Lipaphis eryimi (Kaltenbach) (2007) Crop Knowledge Master Department of Entomology, Honolulu, Hawaii. (http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/type/lipaphis.htm). Photo 1-3 Alton N. Sparks, Jr., University of Georgia, Bugwood.org. Photo 4 Caroline Smith, University of Tasmania, Australia.

Produced with support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research under project PC/2010/090: Strengthening integrated crop management research in the Pacific Islands in support of sustainable intensification of high-value crop production, implemented by the University of Queensland and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community.



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