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Cucumber moth (033)

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Photo 1. Caterpillar of Diaphania indica exposed on a watermelon leaf that it has rolled.

Photo 2. Severe damage on cucumber by Diaphania indica. The caterpillar has emerged from the rolled edges of the leaf and skeletonised the leaf by eating between the veins.

Photo 3. Caterpillar of Diaphania indica showing the characteristic double white lines along its back.

Photo 4. Pupa of Diaphania indica. (This pupa has been parasitised.)

Photo 5. Unknown parasitoid wasp emerged from pupa shown in Photo 4.

Photo 6. Adult Diaphania indica. Note the black border to the wings.

Photo 7. A lacewing. The larvae of this insect attack the young caterpillars of Diaphania.

Common Name

Cucumber moth. Other common names are, melon moth, pumpkin caterpillar, cucurbit caterpillar and watermelon worm.

Scientific Name

Diaphania indica. A moth of the Crambidae.

Distribution

Worldwide. In the tropics and sub-tropics. Asia, Africa, North (Florida), South, theCaribbean, Europe, Oceania. It is recorded from American Samoa, Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam,  Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu.

Hosts

Cucurbits; common cucurbits are watermelon, cucumber, melon, pumpkin and snake gourd.

Symptoms & Life Cycle

The caterpillars do the damage. After hatching, they roll the leaves with silken threads and eat the leaves between the veins (Photos 1&2).

The eggs are oval, about 0.7 mm long and 0.4 mm wide, thin walled and whitish. They are laid in small groups on the growing parts of the shoot, usually on the underside of the leaves or on buds and flowers.

The eggs hatch and the caterpillars emerge. They are almost clear, but soon become green. Large caterpillars have two white lines along the back (Photo 3). When fully grown, they are about 20 mm long:

After a while, the caterpillars turn into pupae, green at first then brown (Photo 4). The pupae are in folds of the leaves. They are about 12 mm long and 3 mm wide. The adults hatch from the pupae after about 8-12 days. On occasions wasps parasitoid wasps hatch from them (Photo 5).

The adult is very obvious (Photo 6). The wings are white with a wide brown border. When the wings are spread, they are about 25 mm wide. At the end of the body is a group of hairs, rather like a brush. The females wiggle this brush, possibly to send out a chemical to attract the males. The life cycle from egg to adult is about 25 days.

Impact

A serious pest. Apart from attacking the leaves, the caterpillars attack the flowers and reduce the number of fruits set. Young fruits are also attacked: the caterpillars damage the skin and cause the fruits to rot.

Detection & Inspection

Look at the young leaves: look for leaves where the veins are still present, but the parts between have been eaten. Inspect the young fruits: look for signs of caterpillar damage. Look for caterpillar faeces or droppings.

Management

NATURAL ENEMIES
Tiny wasps that are hard to see with the naked eye attack the caterpillars (Photo 5), and lacewing larvae eat the young caterpillars (Photo 6).

It is important to think about these natural enemies when considering how to control Diaphania. If chemicals are used, it is best to choose those that do not kill natural enemies. Preferably, use chemicals that are allowed under organic vegetable production.

CULTURAL CONTROL

Before planting:

• Avoid overlapping crops cucurbits (cucumber and watermelons, especially).
• Avoid planting new crops next to old where the larvae are present.
• If growing plants in a nursery before field planting, check each for signs of larvae before taking them to the field.

During growth:

• It is important that growers visit the crop frequently and regularly: twice a week is recommended, to check if there are caterpillars rolling the leaves. If found, do the following:
  • Check the young leaves, looking for those that are stuck together and those where only the veins are left. Look for faeces on the leaves. They are the signs that caterpillars are present.
  • Look for rolled leaves: remove them, or squeeze the leaves to kill the caterpillars inside. Check the flowers and the fruits for damage. If it is severe, consider using an insecticide. But consider carefully which ones to use.

After harvest:

• Collect and burn or bury as much of the crop as possible.
• Leave at least 3 month between crops.

CHEMICAL CONTROL
Acephate (Orthene) is being used by many farmers for the control of this caterpillar in some Pacific island countries, but it is not the best choice. Acephate is best used for sucking insects as it has systemic activity, meaning it enters the plant and moves inside it. It will kill the caterpillars, but it will kill other insects, too, whether they are pests or beneficials.

The following pesticides are recommended:

• Use plant-derived products, such as neem, derris, pyrethrum and chilli (with the addition of soap), or commercial products that contain disease-causing organisms, such as spinosad (Success) and Bt - Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki.
• Note, a variety of Derris, brought many years ago to Solomon Islands from Papua New Guinea, is effective as a spray. It contains rotenone, an insecticide, so it should be used with caution. There may be varieties of Derris (fish poisons) in your country that can be tried (see Fact Sheet no. 56).
• Synthetic pyrethroids are likely to be effective, but will also kill natural enemies.

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