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Spider mites (024)

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Photo 1. Symptom of mite damage on taro. Note the damage is either side of the main veins.

Photo 2. Mite infestations cause the leaves of taro to appear light green. Most damage is along the sides of the major veins; this can be seen from the upper surface, but most of the mites are on the under surface of the leaf.

Photo 3. Damage to leaves of cassava by Tetranychus mites. As with the symptom on taro (Photo 2) the damage is along the main vein.

Photo 4. Webbing made by a massive spider mite outbreak on sweetpotato growing in a screenhouse.

Photo 5. Two-spotted mite, Tetranychus sp., with characteristic body patterns.

Photo 6. Undersurface of Hibiscus cabbage infested with Tetranychus mites.

Photo 7. Top surface of Photo 6 showing patches of damage caused by mites feeding beneath.

Photo 8. Spider mites on their webs over a sweet potato leaf.

Photo 9. Yellowing of leaves of Amaranthus, growing wild and heavility infested with spider mites.

Common Name

Spider mites

Scientific Name

Tetranychus species. The different species are difficult to tell apart; they need to be examined using a high power microscope. The two-spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae), also known as the red spider mite, is common in Pacific island countries, infesting over 200 species of plants. This fact sheet mostly concerns this species.

Distribution

Worldwide. In the tropics and sub-tropics.

Hosts

Many crops are host to spider mites in Pacific Island countries, among them cassava, okra, papaya, sweetpotato, tomato, eggplant, beans, taro, bele, cucumber, squash and other cucurbits. Many ornamentals and weeds are also hosts.

Symptoms & Life Cycle

Spider mites are common plant pests. They have needle-like mouthparts and use them to suck juice from the leaves. This destroys the cells, and the leaves show a characteristic white to pale yellow speckling, often along the sides of the main veins (Photos 1-3). When infestations are severe, the speckling is seen all over the leaf.

Two-spotted mites make webs (like spiders) on the under surface of leaves, and on the upper surface when infestations occur in screenhouses where infestations are often high, and they are less likely to be washed off (Photo 4). As the infestation advances, the leaves turn yellow and die prematurely.

The eggs are round and relatively large in comparison to the size of the adult; they are laid in the webbing near the veins, on the underside of leaves.

Each female lays about 100 eggs udring a lifetime. The eggs hatch in about 3 days, producing larvae that have six legs and are colourless. From these, nymphs develop, which have eight legs; they moult once and within a few days become adult. The adults are about 0.5 mm long, with males smaller than females, and narrower towards the back end (Photo 5). Two-spotted mites vary from light yellow to dark green or brown.

Under tropical conditions the life cycle takes only 7-10 days depending on temperatures. Populations develop rapidly, especially during periods of drought when damage can be considerable (Photos 6&7). The adults live for 2-4 weeks.

Mites produce fine silken webs - from a pair of glands near the mouth. When infestations are high, this webbing covers all or part of the leaf and becomes very noticeable (Photo 9). The webs allow the mites to travel from infested to non-infested leaves; also, the webs are caught by the wind and help the mites disperse.

Impact

The extent of the damage caused by mites often depends on rainfall. When rainfall is low, mite populations are high and reduce crop yields. On taro, for instance, yellowing and early maturity of plants occurs and corm size is reduced. Damage is particularly severe during droughts and, presumably, outbreaks will increase with climate change.

Detection & Inspection

Look at the underside of leaves, particularly near the veins for the presence of mites, using a hand lens and/or a microscope. Look for webbing, which can be seen when mites are present in large numbers. The white spots on the upper leaf surface and the presence of webs below are signs of their presence. Look for spots on the mites; the spots are reddish-brown to yellowish-green, depending on the species.

A good way to detect if mites are present is to place a sheet of white paper beneath the leaves and strike the leaves sharply. The mites fall onto the paper and can be more easily seen than on the green leaves.

Management

NATURAL ENEMIES
Predatory mites keep populations of spider mites in check, as do ladybird beetles, lacewing larvae, pirate bugs, big-eyed bugs and predatory thrips. Managing mites requires preserving natural enemies; in most cases this means doing nothing to harm them. It also means not using pesticides.

CULTURAL CONTROL

• A regular spaying of leaves with water will keep spider mites in check. This technique helps conserve natural predators.
• Check that cuttings, "tops", and other kinds of planting materials are free from mites infestation before planting in a new garden.
• Weed: remove plants that are common hosts of spider mites, e.g., wild Amaranthus (Photo 9).

CHEMICAL CONTROL

• If pesticides are used, they should be applied carefully. Rotate between different chemical groups, to prevent resistance developing to any one of them.
• Not all insecticides kill mites, and those that do may not kill all the stages. Eggs are particularly resistant to pesticides and so, too, are larvae and nymphs, especially when moulting, as they do not feed. More than one application is needed at 5-10 days apart.
• Use pesticidal oils (white oil (based on vegatable oils), horticultural oils (based on petroleum oils) or soaps:
  
  • Soaps:
    •  Use soap (pure soap, not detergent).
    • 5 tablespoons of soap in 4 litres water, OR
    • 2 tablespoons of dish washing liquid in 4 litres water.
      
  • White oil (vegetable oil):
    • 3 tablespoons (1/3 cup) cooking oil in 4 litres water.
    • 1/2 teaspoon detergent soap.
    • Shake well and use.
• For commercial products of horticultural oil; follow the instructions on the product label. Make sure the oil can be used on the crops of interest, otherwise, it may damage the foliage. These sprays work by blocking the breathing holes of insects causing suffocation and death. Spray the underside of leaves, as the oils must contact the scales.
• Use products containing sulphur - a product allowed under organic certification. 
• Use products containing difocol, but note that this synthetic product is an organochlorine pesticide and moderately hazardous.
• Use abamectin, a product derived from a soil bacterium. It is absorbed into plants but is not systemic.
• Water-stressed plants stimulate mite outbreaks; and hosing plants with water can suppress mite populations, but this is not a practical solution for large plantings without a means of irrigation.

This fact sheet is a part of the app Pacific Pests and Pathogens

The mobile application is available from the Google Play Store and Apple iTunes.