Pacific Pests and Pathogens Pacific Pests & Pathogens - Full Size Fact Sheets

Sweetpotato leaf folder (028) Print Fact Sheet

Common Name

Sweetpotato leaf folder, green leaf folder

Scientific Name

Psara hipponalis; previously, Herpetogramma hipponalis

Distribution

Widespread. Common throughout Asia and Africa. It is recorded from Solomon Islands.

Hosts

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is a major host. The caterpillars also occur on other Ipomoea species and Mikania cordata.

Symptoms & Life Cycle

The caterpillar does the damage. It folds the leaf, holding the folded parts together with webbing. The young caterpillars eat the surface of the leaf (Photo 1); later, when larger, they eat through the leaf creating small windows and holes (Photo 2).

The moth lays eggs singly or in groups on the upper surface of the leaf near the midrib. About 90 eggs are laid in a day. The eggs are shiny green, oblong, and covered with a scale-like gelatinous material. The eggs hatch after 3-5 days, and the caterpillars are at first greenish-yellow, turning darker green with age. They have a dark brown head. The caterpillars moult four times over 15-30 days and when mature are about 13 mm long. Only the larger caterpillars fold the leaves. In most cases, there is one caterpillar per leaf fold.

The caterpillars turn into yellowish-white pupae, which later become reddish brown. The adults emerge from the pupae in 4-8 days; they are yellowish-brown with dark brown zigzag markings on the wings (Photo 3). The female moth lives for about 3 days.

Impact

Often, the damage looks severe with all the youngest leaves folded (Photo 2), and they may turn brown, but there is no information on the effect of leaf damage on storage root yield. Pruning experiments have shown that sweetpotato can lose up to a third of their leaves without impacting on yield., but more studies are needed to confirm this, and relate time of defoliation with storage root yield.

Detection & Inspection

Look for leaves folded and held together with webbing; unfold the leaves and look for caterpillars and faecal pellets ('droppings'). Look at the surface of the leaf for small windows between the veins caused by the caterpillar eating the upper surface of the leaf. The adult moth is brown with zigzag markings on the wings.

Management

NATURAL ENEMIES
Braconid wasps are common and control the leaf folder populations. They are seen rarely as they are so small. Earwigs and other predators are also important in maintaining natural control.

CULTURAL CONTROL

Before planting:

After harvest:

CHEMICAL CONTROL
The leaf folder is usually under natural control by its enemies. Pesticides are not recommended as they disrupt the action of the egg and larval parasites, and make matters worse. Also, there is no evidence that the leaf folder reduces storage root yields. However, if infestations become severe, and pesticides are thought to be needed, do the following:


AUTHORS Helen Tsatsia & Grahame Jackson
Photo 3 Paul Hebert, BIO/CSIRO, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario.

Produced with support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research under project PC/2010/090: Strengthening integrated crop management research in the Pacific Islands in support of sustainable intensification of high-value crop production, implemented by the University of Queensland and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community.



This fact sheet is a part of the app Pacific Pests and Pathogens

The mobile application is available from the Google Play Store and Apple iTunes.


Pacific Pests and Pathogens Android Edition      Pacific Pests and Pathogens iOS Edition

www.pestnet.org            Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research