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Sweetpotato little leaf (055)

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Photo 1. The first symptom on a young sweetpotato leaf with little leaf phytoplasma is a "vein-clearing"; the veins are clearly seen, even the small ones.

Photo 2. The vines infected by little leaf phytoplasma appear bushy; leaves are small and there are many small shoots along the vines.

Photo 3. The leafhopper, Orosius lotophagorum ryukyuensis, spreads the little leaf phytoplasma.

Common Name

Sweetpotato little leaf, sweetpotato witches' broom

Scientific Name

Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia

Distribution

Widespread. Asia, Africa (Kenya), Oceania. The phytoplasma is present in Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu. It is recorded from Wallis & Futuna on weeds.

Hosts

Sweetpotato, and probably wild Ipomoea species.

Symptoms & Life Cycle

One of the first symptoms of the disease is a yellowing of the small veins, so that they are clearly seen as a network throughout the leaf (Photo 1). This is followed by the development of side shoots, which are normally dormant, giving the vines a bushy appearance (Photo 2). New leaves on these shoots become progressively smaller, until they are about an eighth the size of healthy leaves. Also, the leaves change to a light green and the shoots are generally more erect than normal.

Phytoplasmas were previously called mycoplasma-like organisms, or MLOs. They are bacteria-like, single celled organisms that only grow in the phloem cells of plants. They are spread by phloem-feeding insects. In this case, the phytoplasma is spread by the leafhopper, Orosius lotophagorum ryukyuensis (Photo 3). Phytoplasmas reproduce asexually by budding.

Leafhoppers acquire the phytoplasma when feeding on infected plants for several hours or days. After a period of approximately 20 days they are then able to transmit the phytoplasma as they feed. Once the leafhoppers have the phytoplasma in their bodies, they can transmit it until they die.

A number of wild species of Ipomoea are hosts of the phytoplasma. However, it is not known how important the Ipomoea species are in spreading the disease and causing outbreaks.

Impact

Severe outbreaks of the disease have occurred in Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea in areas with a distinct dry season - Guadalcanal Plains, Santa Ana (Solomon Islands) and around Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea). Yield losses of 30-90% have been reported.

The disease also causes stunting of the root system, and affected plants produce few, if any, storage roots. But in both Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea, this is not usually a serious disease. It is worse in drier times, when leafhopper populations increase. It may become more important if drier climates occur associated with climare change and more frequent El Niño events.

Detection & Inspection

Look for the yellowing of the veins, which is the first symptom, then the production of many shoots with small leaves, giving the plant a characteristic bushy appearance.

Management

CULTURAL CONTROL
Cultural control measures are important in reducing the impact of this disease.

Before planting:

• Only take planting material from gardens where the disease has not been seen. Little leaf is spread mostly in infected planting material.
• If that is not possible, carefully select cuttings from plants that are free of the disease. Look for symptoms after planting. If seen, remove and burn the plants.

During growth:

• Remove plants with signs of the disease as soon as they appear, and burn them.

After harvest:

• Collect all the vines and burn them, or dig them into the soil.

RESISTANT VARIETIES
No resistance was found among more than 200 varieties screened in Solomon Islands, although one variety, WV5, had tolerance to the disease. The Secretatiat of the Pacific Community CePaCT lab maintains the variety in tissue culture.

CHEMICAL CONTROL
Chemical control should only be considered under exceptional circumstances. In dry times, the population of the leafhopper may rise, and the disease may reach epidemic levels. Treat crops with an insecticide, but also destroy infected plants to remove the source of the disease. Do the following: 

• Use plant-derived products, such as neem, derris, pyrethrum and chilli (with the addition of soap).
• Note, a variety of Derris, brought many years ago to Solomon Islands from Papua New Guinea, is effective as a spray. It contains rotenone, an insecticide, so it should be used with caution. There may be varieties of Derris (fish poisons) in your country that can be tried (see Fact Sheet no. 56).
• Synthetic pyrethroids are likely to be effective, but will also kill natural enemies.

This fact sheet is a part of the app Pacific Pests and Pathogens

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