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Cocoa mirids (274)

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Photo 1. Pseudodoniella species from Papua New Guinea. Note the "hump" on the back.

Photo 2. Pseudodoniella species, as in Photo 1. From above, showing details of the "hump".

Photo 3. Helopeltis sp. from Townsville, Australia. Long antennae, slender body and a spine on the plate between the forewings and behind the thorax distinguishes this insect from Pseudodoniella.

Common Name

Cocoa mirids

Scientific Name

Helopeltis clavifer and Pseudodoniella species (Pseudodoniella typica, Pseudodoniella laensis, Pseudodoniella pacifica).

Distribution

Narrow. Helopeltis clavifer occurs in Indonesia, where it was first described, Malaysia and the mainland of Papua New Guinea, from sea level to 1000 m. It is also present in New Britain and New Ireland, but does not attack cocoa there.

Pseudodoniella laensis is present in mainland Papua New Guinea, and in Irian Jaya; Pseudodoniella typica and Pseudodoniella pacifica are present in the islands of Papua New Guinea; Pseudodoniella pacifica occurs above 500 m.

Hosts

Helopeltis clavifer occurs on cocoa and tea, and many other hosts, whereas Pseudodoniella occurs only on cocoa and fig (Ficus) species.

Symptoms & Life Cycle

Mirid adults and nymphs suck the sap from cocoa pods producing 3 mm diameter spots, which are brown at first then black. Young pods (cherelles) less than 10 cm long are destroyed, more mature pods are deformed and beans are smaller than those in healthy pods. Mirids also feed on young shoots and branches and cause dieback.

The damage done by mirids is thought to be mechanical destruction of the cells around the stylets or feeding tubes, the loss of cell sap, as well as damage caused by chemicals in the saliva injected as the mirids feed. It has been shown that the saliva of Helopeltis can remove cell contents without mechanically damaging the cells, and this can happen up to 3.5 mm from the stylet. It is presumed that this occurs by osmosis. [The coreid bug, Amblypelta, feeds in a similar way (see Fact Sheet no. 19)].

Eggs are laid beneath the outer layers of cocoa pods, and sometimes on young shoots. They hatch in about 7 days (Helopeltis) or 14 days (Pseudodoniella), and moult six times before becoming adults, 10-14 days later. However, there are differences between the two: (i) Helopeltis lives longer (about 40 days) compared to Pseudodoniella (about 10 days); (ii) Helopeltis has a wide host range, whereas that of Pseudodoniella is narrow; and (iii) body shapes differ - Pseudodoniella species are about 8 mm long by 4 mm wide, and have a swelling ('hump') on the top of the thorax (Photos 1&2); by contrast, Helopeltis is slender, with antennae longer than the body, and a diagnostic spine on the back between the thorax and abdomen (Photo 3).

Impact

Direct damage is done when mirids feed on young and mature pods, and shoots, and indirectly when fungi enter wounds caused by their feeding. In Papua New Guinea, mirid damage is common wherever cocoa is grown except for the North Solomon Province, and often severe. Losses from Helopeltis and Pseudodoniella has been estimated to be from 10-95% in Papua New Guinea.

Detection & inspection

Look for the "humps" on the thorax of Pseudodoniella, which is very unusual but characteristic of this bug; by contrast, Helopeltis is slender, and charactised by its common name "mosquito bug". Look for the bugs feeding on cocoa with long slender mouthparts which leave black spots on the pods, especially on the young ones, and cause dieback by feeding on the shoots.

Management

NATURAL ENEMIES
There are no known effective parasitoids in Papua New Guinea, but there are many predators that have been used elsewhere for control, or are thought to have potential. Most of these are ants. Wasmannia auropunctata is said to be used in cocoa in The Republic of Cameroon. In Papua New Guinea, Oecophylla smaragdina is believed to be a good control agent, and that crazy ants, Anoplolepsis longipes, can eliminate both Helopeltis and Pseudodoniella from plantations.

Note, the use of ants in this way needs careful consideration, especially the use of Wasmannia which can make harvesting and routine maintenance of cocoa unpleasant because of the ants' painful sting.

CULTURAL CONTROL
Leucaena leucocephala is commonly used as a shade for cocoa, but it should be avoided where mirids are a problem. It is an alternative host for them. Using coconut as a shade has the benefit of providing nesting sites for certain ant species which may be mirid predators; however, it is not easy to predict which ant will be dominant in coconut plantations, and manipulating the species to get the optimum benefit is not easy (or sometimes possible).  

CHEMICAL CONTROL
In the past, pesticides were recommended for control of mirids in cocoa that have since been banned by international treaties. Lindane (BHC), previously used as a dust or spray, is one such chemical. The pesticides now recommended are imidacloprid, and the synthetic pyrethroid, bifenthrin. As the mirids are usually clumped in the plantations, spraying is concentrated on these "hot-spots", rather than a blanket spray throughout. Usually, four sprays are applied per year, but with systemic products this may be reduced to two.

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