- Bactrocera kirki - guava, mango, avocado; Bactrocera passiflorae - guava, citrus, mango, kavika; Bactrocera xanthodes - breadfruit, jackfruit, papaya; many more hosts, and fruit fly species occur.
- Note, Bactrocera kirki is present only on Rotuma.
- Females need protein before they can lay viable eggs.
- Cultural control: bag fruit with paper or leaves; collect fallen fruit and destroy; harvest early (banana and papaya); some non-hosts, e.g., chilli, pineapple.
- Chemical control: use a commercial protein bait spray, e.g. MPPIL, Royal Tongalure or Bactrogel.