Cottony leak and stem rot. It is also known as Pythium fruit rot or Pythium cottony leak.

Pythium species, Pythium deliense and Pythium aphanidermatum.

Pythium deliense is reported from Australia, Papua New Guinea (from soil, cucumber and tobacco damping off), and Samoa (beans, cucumber). Pythium aphanidermatum is reported from American Samoa (taro, cucumber, maize), Australia, Marshall Islands (cucumber), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea (soil), Fiji (ginger), and Samoa (cucumber).

Beans (and other food legumes), capsicum, cucumber, tomato, watermelon, and on many kinds of seedlings as Pythium species cause seedling damping-off.

The two Pythium species are very similar in appearance and biology; however, molecular studies suggest they are different.

Symptoms occur on leaves, stems, roots and seedlings. On leaves, greyish patches are seen covered in fine, white cottony growth, becoming brown as they dry. The cottony growth spreads to the stems; rots occur and plants wilt. Below ground, minute spores (zoospores) swim in soil water and attack the fine roots and kill them; this, too, causes plants to wilt.

Bean pods are attacked on plants in the field or in storage (Photos 1&2). In both cases, thick, white, cottony growth binds the pods together. Later, the pods in transit or storage turn into a soft, watery mass known as 'cottony leak'. Where cucumber fruits touch the ground, watery rots develop, and these too become covered in a white cottony growth (Photo 3). Watermelon, is also susceptible to the disease (Photo 4).

Damping-off is seen when seeds are planted in unsterilised or unpasteurised soils contaminated with Pythium, especially Pythium aphanidermatum. Often, fungi are also present, such as Rhizoctonia (see Fact Sheet no. 126 ) and Fusarium. Seedlings are killed before emerging above soil level or afterwards (see Fact Sheet no. 47).

Pythium species are commonly found in soil, growing in plant remains or surviving as thick-walled, round, resting spores (oospores). They are spread when heavy rains splash soil containing the spores onto leaves and stems. Spread over longer distances is through movement of infested soil or contaminated plant parts.

Pythium is a water mould belonging to the oomycetes; it is not a fungus, although its appearance and life history are similar. Generally, the two species - Pythium deliense and Pythium aphanidermatum - cause a minor disease on beans and cucumber. Losses are sometimes high in Samoa during long periods of rain. Bush beans suffer more from the disease than those that climb and need to be staked, as they are closer to the soil. On cucumbers in Samoa, the disease is worse on poorly drained soils, and where the fruits touch the ground.

Look for the characteristic thick, white, cottony growth over leaves, stems and fruit. Look for blackened tips of the fine roots. Although this might be sufficient for a preliminary diagnosis of the disease, identification of the Pythium species requires use of morphological keys, antibody tests (ELISA) or molecular analyses.

CULTURAL CONTROL
For damping-off in the nursery:

• Use soil-less potting mixes in nurseries, or sterilised/pasteurised soil, and prevent mixes/soil from being contaminated by raising pots and boxes aboveground, and by using clean tools.
• Alternatively, make compost with organic materials from the garden, kitchen waste, animal manure, and a little soil, and allow it to decompose for 3-4 weeks. Mix 1 part compost to 3 parts grated, rotten coconut husk (for germinating seed) or 2 to 1 (for raising seedlings).
• Do not plant seedlings too densely; thin them to allow air circulation.
• Do not over-water seedlings; waterlogging encourages damping-off.

For stem rot in the field:

• Avoid close planting; this will allow air to circulate around plants and reduce leaf wetness; it will also reduce spread of the disease between plants.
• Cultivate soil carefully, avoiding injury to plants, which could become sites of Pythium infection.
• Stake beans and cucumbers; and in the rainy season avoid bush beans, growing those varieties that need staking instead.
• Grow crops susceptible to cottony leak in soils that have good drainage, or grow crops on raised beds.
• Mulch plants to prevent heavy rains splashing spores of Pythium from the soil to the leaves.
• If cottony leak occurs, choose a rotation avoiding those that are most susceptible. Note, sweetpotato, cassava and yam are rarely affected by Pythium root diseases.

For cottony leak after harvest:

• Do not harvest and pack cucumbers and beans during wet weather. 
• Harvest and pack only those cucumber and beans without damage.

CHEMICAL CONTROL
Commercial growers should consider using pesticides as follows:

• Treat seed with recommended fungicides (e.g., captan, metalaxyl or thiram). 
• In commercial plantings, drench with products known to be effective against Pythium (e.g., captan and metalaxyl). They are generally used against Pythium on high value ornamentals. 

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When using a pesticide, always wear protective clothing and follow the instructions on the product label, such as dosage, timing of application, and pre-harvest interval. Recommendations will vary with the crop and system of cultivation. Expert advice on the most appropriate pesticides to use should always be sought from local agricultural authorities.