- Worldwide distribution. On fruit trees, and many vegetables. An important pest.
- Damage: (i) feeds on sap causing distortions and wilts; (ii) produces honeydew leading to sooty moulds; and (iii) spreads more than 100 viruses.
- Adults, 2 mm long, greenish-yellow, sometimes with brown tinge, winged or wingless, giving birth without fertilisation (in the tropics). No males.
- Spread by winged forms, and also in wind and storms, and trade in plants.
- Natural enemies: predators and wasp parasitoids (Aphidius and Aphelinus).
- Cultural control: weed; certified seed (beans); avoid planting down-wind from infested crops; remove volunteers; grow flowering plants to attract wasps; inspect crops often - remove infested plants or leaves (or spray); use plastic mulches, row covers; control ants with boiling water; collect and destroy debris after harvest.
- Chemical control: PDPs (chilli, derris, neem, pyrethrum); soap solution, white or horticultural oils. Note, synthetic pyrethroids will kill predators and parasitoids (but useful against ants).