• Distribution of sugarcane rusts is Asia, Africa, North, South and Central America, the Caribbean, Oceania, but whereas Puccina kuehnii (PK) is in Australia and a majority of Pacific island countries, Puccinia melanocephala (PM) has a wider distribution in Africa and the Americas, but present only in Australia, American Samoa, Papua New Guinea.
• Yellow elongate spots, developing into brown pustules, releasing orange spores (PK) and cinnamon-brown spores (PM). PM pustules larger.
• Spread: wind and wind-driven rain. Long distances, wind via high altitudes.
• Biosecurity: avoid international movement of untreated cane for food or planting. For germplasm, follow FAO technical guidelines.
• Biocontrol: none.
• Cultural control: resistant varieties.
• Chemical control: only needed during change to resistant varieties. In Australia, tebuconazole and mancozeb registered during the 2000 epidemic. In the USA, strobilurins (e.g., pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin), triazoles (metconazole, propiconazole) and carboxamides, registered.

Sugarcane orange rust, and sugarcane common rust. 

Orange rust is also known as sugarcane leaf rust, and sugarcane rust. Sugarcane common rust is also known as sugarcane rust.

Puccinia kuehnii (sugarcane orange rust). Previously, it was known as Uromyces kuehnii.

Puccinia melanocephala (sugarcane common rust). Previously, it was known as Puccinia erianthi.