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Taro root rot (044)

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Photo 1. The beginning of symptoms on cocoyam, Xanthosoma, showing early death of the older leaves caused by Pythium sp. (Solomon Islands.)

Photo 2. Pythium infection in Colocasia taro showing weak-looking plants with two at most three leaves, and new leaves which are stunted and partly rolled. (Samoa.)

Photo 3. Typical dieback caused by Pythium root rot. Notice the disease has travelled down a row, most likely by root-to-root contact. (Cook Islands.)

Photo 4. Pythium infection on cocoyam, Xanthosoma. Removal of the plants, and washing the roots, shows that the root system has been destroyed. Many of the larger roots are black, and side (fine) roots are absent.

Photo 5. A plant from Photo 1, pulled up to show the decay of the roots. Notice the difference between the roots at the top of the picture, which are mostly without side (fine) roots, compared to those below.

Photo 6. Cocoyam with Pythium infection soon after planting. The plants remain stunted with one at most two leaves.

Common Name

Taro root rot, cocoyam root rot, Pythium root rot of taro (cocoyam)

Scientific Name

Pythium species

Distribution

Worldwide. Wherever taro (Colocasia esculenta) or cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) are grown. The main species is Pythium myriotylum. This species has been recorded from taro in Fiji, Samoa, and Solomon Islands, from Alocasia macrorrhizos in Samoa, and from Xanthosoma sagittifolium in Solomon Islands. In West Africa, Pythium myriotylum from cocoyam is a serious disease but does not attack other crops. It may be a separate Pythium variety or a new species.

Hosts

Taro (Colocasia esculenta); giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos ); and cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium). Many other plants are infected in the field, including beans, capsicum, ginger, peanuts and pineapple. Pythium species cause a damping-off disease in the nursery affecting a wide range of plants before and after seedlings emerge from the soil (see Fact Sheet No. 47).

Symptoms & Life Cycle

Pythium species are soil borne pathogens that attack the roots and underground parts of many plants. They are not fungi, but belong to the oomycetes or water moulds, and are related to algae.

The first sign of the disease in mature plants is the drying up of the outer older leaves (Photo 1). As the disease progresses, the number of leaves declines, young leaves are shorter and smaller than usual, and eventually the plant can be pulled easily from the soil (Photos 2&3). Roots are absent on these plants or only present at the very top of the corm (Photos 4&5). In young plants, growth is slow, and plants remain with one or two leaves for months, as the roots are destroyed as soon as they are produced (Photo 6). Corm rots may be present, but this is a late symptom.

Pythium has a wide host range and can infect many crops and weeds. When conditions are not favourable or when susceptible hosts are not present, Pythium produces resistant spores - 'oospores' - that remain alive but inactive in the soil for many years. They germinate when conditions are right and produce swimming spores in large numbers which infect the roots of susceptible plants. The disease is especially severe on plants grown in waterlogged soils.

Impact

Root rot is the most important disease of cocoyam (Xanthosoma) worldwide. It is particularly important in West Africa and in Central America. It has been recorded in several Pacific countries. It is a problem in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea, and has been recorded in Cook Islands and Vanuatu. Taro (Colocasia) root rot occurs worldwide, but in the Pacific, at least, it is a minor disease.

Detection & inspection

Carefully dig up the plants, do not pull them from the ground. Look to see if roots are decayed, especially the small feeder roots; these are the roots that take water and minerals from the soil and supply the leaves. Without these roots, the leaves wilt and die.

Management

CULTURAL CONTROL
Cultural control is important. The following should be done:

Before planting:

• Choose sites carefully. Do not plant where the land is likely to flood, or where water will remain for several days after heavy rains.
• Preferably, avoid heavy clay soils; where this is not possible, make drains around the plots or plant the taro on raised beds or mounds to assist drainage.
• If there are soil types where the disease is rare, use these. It is known from West Africa that some soil types produce healthy crops, whereas crops in others always become badly diseased. It is likely that in the beneficial soils there are microorganisms that destroy Pythium. 
• Do not plant Xanthosoma or Colocasia taro in land below where root rot occurred previously. If you do, spores of the water mould will spread in soil or surface water during rains.
• Grow a ground legume before planting taro, such as Mucania or Pueraria. The build up of organic matter in the soil, may increase microbes antagonistic to Pythium.

During growth:

• If a disease outbreak occurs, especially at an early stage in the crop development, it is better to pull out all the surviving plants, "clean" them by removing roots, old leaves and soil, and replant in another garden. Doing this may prevent the loss of the entire crop.
• The addition of lime may be helpful. In soils low in calcium, e.g., the lava soils of Samoa, add lime at the rate of 20 g per m². The increase in calcium rather than an increase in pH is the manin benefit at this rate. The calcium is needed for cell wall development. The use of white coral sand has been suggested in Samoa.

After harvest:

• If planting material is taken from plants that have shown root rot symptoms, carefully remove all the roots, old leaves and soil, before planting in a new garden.
• Collect and destroy any debris remaining from the crop and burn it.

RESISTANT VARIETIES
Varieties of cocoyam have been reported with tolerance from West Africa. A yellow corm variety from Nigeria with poor eating characteristics has resistance, and is undergoing quarantine treatments at the CePaCT lab Secretariat for the Pacific Community. Colocasia taro varieties with resistance are known from Samoa, but these varieties (Tusi Tusi, Talo Vale, Pute Mu and Pula Sama Sama) are susceptible to taro leaf blight. Varieties with tolerance to the disease are also reported from Hawai'i.

CHEMICAL CONTROL
Fungicides are not recommended for the control of this disease; they are unlikely to be economic. By the time that symptoms appear, damage to the roots has already occurred. It is best to carry out the cultural control recommendations stated above.

If a fungicide was required, phosphorous acid could be tried. Although its direct action on Pythium is not as potent as that on Phytophthora, it may stimulate the productiion of chemicals by the plant (called "elicitors") which improve its defense against Pythium and other organisms.

Alternatively, apply metalaxyl; this can be applied in two ways: i) as a spray in water at planting (1.2 to 2.4 L/ha active ingredient); and/or ii) as a dip of the planting 'tops' to eliminate the Pythium oomycete by placing them in 0.1-0.4 g/L Ridomil (approximately, 0.05-0.2 g/L metalaxyl), and left overnight before planting).

In each case, the roots should be removed before the application of the chemical treatments.

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